Royal Commission and Board of Inquiry †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Royal Commission and Board of Inquiry. Answer: Presentation The motivation behind criminal equity framework is to convey equity for everybody, where various measures are embraced by the ones in this framework, to rebuff, restore or consider the blameworthy individual dependable, in a way where the standards of decency and value are followed, alongside insurance of privileges of individual. One of the parts of criminal equity framework is to rebuff the guilty party. The job is additionally upgraded with regards to making kids at risk for the offenses embraced by them[1]. Under the customary law, kids can be made subject criminally at seven years old, while the territory of Victoria makes this age as 10. However, the cutting edge logical examination shows that the youthful people ought to be made at risk simply after they arrive at later age. The suggestions of Royal Commission give that there is a requirement for raising the period of criminal obligation to 12 years. This is halfway evident as there is a need to expand this age to 14 rather th an the current recommendation of 12 years, because of the way that there is a more profound gratefulness right now of the privileges of the youngsters, and in their comprehension with respect to the encounters and one of a kind abilities picked up by them[2]. With regards to the criminal equity arrangements, the most troublesome territory is the assurance of appropriate legitimate systems for mirroring the change from the age which the youngster is guiltless to their period of full duty and development the executives. In the wards of Australia, the legal least age for forcing criminal duty on an individual is ten years. In the middle of the ages of 10 to 14 years, there is appropriateness of doli incapax where a further rebuttable assumption works with regards to the youngsters carrying out criminal act. Just when the assumption can be refuted by the arraignment, by demonstrating under the steady gaze of the court that the blamed kid had the option to separate among off-base and right at the important time, can the conviction of such kid be challenged at preliminary. Indeed, even in situations where criminal risk is missing, the youngsters can be exposed to government assistance measures through court orders. Fundamentally, criminal indic tment is a piece of various cultural reactions to the young bad behavior and is embraced when there is monotonous or genuine trouble making, especially where training or family condition isn't esteemed as adequate[3]. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is planned for advancing the laws, foundations, systems and specialists where the particular spotlight is on youngsters. Article 40 is centered around making least age beneath which the youngsters are attempted to not have the limit of encroaching the correctional laws. Despite the fact that this show doesn't give least age to the childrens criminal obligation, the council of UN answerable for observing consistence sets this age as 12 years. There are various different wards where the period of criminal duty is 12 years, which incorporates Netherlands, Canada and Greece; 13 years in New Zealand, France, Israel; 14 years in Germany and Italy; 15 years in Norway, Iceland, Sweden; 16 years in Spain and Japan; and 18 years in Luxemburg and Belgium. In Australia, this age is at multi year similar to the case in UK[4]. With crafted by Urbas being distributed, various purviews overhauled their enactments are they concurred that in a previous twenty years, a great deal had changed, which required the changing old enough cutoff points for criminal obligation too. The relevance of doli incapax is under the assumption that a kid isn't equipped for wrongdoing. There have been researchers who have requested this resumption to be revised, alongside turning around the onus of confirmation and furthermore getting changes utilization of it to ages of 12 or underneath it[5]. The Royal Commission into the Protection and Detention of Children has suggested that the period of criminal duty should be raised to 12. In this unique circumstance, they have introduced certain measurements the board. These shows that a normal of 600 youngsters beneath the ages of 14 were carrying out punishments every year in the adolescent confinement and out of these 70% were indigenous kids. The Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service and the Federation of Community Legal Centers alongside different associations approached to the Victorian Government to raise the period of criminal obligation to 14 from the current 10 years limit. This was on the grounds that the current criminal duty period of Australia was not steady with the global principles, especially in setting of the examination encompassing mental health. There was a requirement for mirroring the way in which the youngsters are treated under the criminal equity system[6]. Youngsters require to be given important help and mediation so as to decrease, rather than raising the odds of reoffending. According to the mental health investigates, it shows that the cerebrum of the youngsters are still at creating stage. The more youthful youngsters have low limit of dynamic, and of controlling and getting conduct. At the point when the youngsters interact with the criminal equity framework at a youthful age, it makes them bound to reoffend and that too in a progressively visit way, in contrast with accepting custodial sentence. The 2016 report of the Sentencing Advisory Council, for example Reoffending by Children and Young People in Victoria has demonstrated that there was a high possibility of youngster or kid going towards grown-up criminal purview from the Childrens Court and this was considered as their passage towards the criminal courts. The youngsters at their first sentence were bound to reoffend that too in a vicious way and proceed in grown-up crimin al locale and even condemned under this purview before they arrive at their 22nd birthday. It is critical to not here that by raising the criminal duty age doesn't imply that the youngsters beneath the new age breaking point ought not be mindful or responsible for their activities. What it implies is that they should be made at risk through some different measures rather than the criminal equity system[7]. Indeed, even the United Nations has barbecued Australia for such low time of criminal obligation. They have likewise censured the country for racial segregation as the kids in Australia are captured for violations where they accomplish 10 years old and there were multiple times more odds of an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander kid to be captured in contrast with the non indigenous youngster. At the point when a youngster as youthful as 10 years old is detracted from their families, they are compelled to depend on criminal equity framework for their future, which just removes the fundamental privileges of the kids in setting of picking up, developing and thriving[8]. The examination has indicated that the youngsters, who are at first condemned at the ages of 12 or underneath it, have a 86% possibility of culpable once more. The rate for the kids where they are first condemned in late young years remains at 33. The connecting among reoffending and criminal obligation has just been called attention to. There was a grown-up recidivism in Vitoria at 42.8%, while this figure remained at 30% and 20% for Spain and Norway whee the time of criminal duty was 15 years[9]. To center the youngsters as lawbreakers at the youthful age of 10 years old is sheerly off-base and there is a need to invest amounts of energy and spotlight on guarding such kids, where they are upheld in their communities[10]. The last report of NT illustrious commission given that these measures were planned for reestablishing the bombed kid assurance and detainment frameworks in NT, where it called for kids under ages of 14 to be imprisoned uniquely for fierce and genuine crimes[11]. They likewise featured the suggestion of 12 years just like irrefutably the base age for kid to be accused of criminal offense according to the UN Committee on privileges of Child. There was a middle time of criminal obligation over the globe as being 14 years which depends on suggestion of logical investigations, which have shown that on a normal, the youngsters beneath the ages of 14 are not maturely grown enough to be made at risk for a crime. Where there was a disappointment in mindful, ensuring and supporting the youngsters out of luck, which is more than 3000 kids beneath ages of 14, there is a need to change the system[12]. Ruler Lowry, in C v DPP[13], gave that the impact and goal of the assumption under doli incapax was that there was a need of ensuring the kids when they were younger than 10 to 14, from the criminal laws full power. In Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs v Ah Hin Teoh[14], it was held by the High Court that the kids can have a genuine desire that when the optional forces are practiced by the leader, they could think about the wellbeing of the kids. Expelling a youngster from the consideration of guardians can't be regarded as wellbeing for the kid as they leave their emotionally supportive network and go in another condition, which according to the measurements, pushes them towards the criminal way. The proposals given by the Royal Commission depended on the proof which they had accomplished, the accounts which they got notification from people in the network, and the records which had been submitted to it. They set up that the young detainment communities were not fit for obliging the kids and were a long way from being restored. There were additionally instances of youngsters being exposed to physical control and embarrassment, boisterous attack and being denied human needs, which thusly pushes them to proceed on criminal way, rather than being a respectable resident. They are even placed in this way when they are paid off or set out to do embarrassing or corrupting acts, or to embrace demonstrations of viciousness with one another. In setting of giving these small kids the

Rosetta Stone for analysis of suitable tools †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Rosetta Stone for investigation of reasonable apparatuses . Answer: Official Summary of Rosetta Stone The principle design is to show the focal points and inconveniences of demonstrating the IPO. The undertaking shows the distinguishing proof of the current issues of Rosetta Stone. The techniques utilized shows the examination of appropriate instruments understand the pertinent issues to address the issues Foundation of the organization Rosetta Stone, is a learning programming organization. The historical backdrop of the organization starts from the year 1980 by a financial matters educator Allen Stoltzfus. The seed of commencement of the organization was because of the moderate advancement of the educator to become familiar with the Russian language. It was discovered that the traditional study hall educating of the Russian Language was getting ineffectual and the Mr. Allen Stoltzfus was searching for increasingly normal approach to learning language. Later on, the usage of PC innovation was actualized with pictures and sound. The organization began the dispersion of the product administrations was finished with the CD ROM innovation in the year 1990. This gave the clients a chance to become familiar with the new dialects successfully. The product utilized the blend of pictures, content to encourage the youngsters to cause the kids to make them to get familiar with their first language, the organization named this strategy as Dynamic inundation technique. Dynamic, in light of the utilization of advanced innovation and inundation because of the comfort of the gaining from anyplace. Regardless of the worldwide monetary emergency the organization was enthusiastic about opening up to the world. This final quarter of the organization indicated an extension of 53% regardless of the debasing monetary conditions and the organization had the option to grow 53% of its incomes. Tom Adams thought about IPO as a vital chance to build up business validity. Recognizable proof of issues Key contemplations to be made in opening up to the world Preclusion of the general population to put resources into the offers was disallowed for a privately owned business Issue in financing of credit Reliance of the organization on exchanges between different gatherings (Massari Gianfrate Zanetti 2016) Speaker Note The issue was identified with the dynamic of the organization opening up to the world. The organization needed to choose the points of interest and the impediments of opening up to the world and the different options in contrast to the IPO. In addition since Rosetta Stone was exclusive, at that point offer to people in general to purchase the offers was restricted. It was confronting a few issues in acquiring advance, this shows the reliance of the organization on arrangements between different gatherings. Examination of the issues/issues Numerous Market Approach Limited pace of the income esteems Slide 6 Analysis of the issues/issues Display 7 ROSETTA STONE, INC.: PRICING THE 2009 IPO Money related Forecast for Rosetta Stone (in a great many dollars with the exception of rates) 2008A 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E 2014E 2015E 2016E 2017E 2018E Income development 52.5% 35.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 23.0% 21.0% 18.0% 13.0% 10.0% 5.0% Net edge 86.3% 86.0% 86.0% 85.0% 84.0% 83.0% 82.0% 81.0% 80.0% 79.0% 78.0% SGA exp/Revenue 63.5% 63.5% 63.5% 63.0% 63.0% 62.5% 62.5% 62.5% 62.5% 62.5% 62.5% RD exp/Revenue 8.8% 9.0% 9.0% 8.5% 8.5% 8.5% 8.5% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% Capital consumptions 7.0 5.0 8.0 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 11.0 9.0 8.0 5.0 NPPE turnover 13.5 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.8 17.3 NWC turnover 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Income 209.4 282.7 381.6 496.1 620.1 762.7 922.9 1,089.0 1,230.6 1,353.6 1,421.3 Net benefit 180.7 243.1 328.2 421.7 520.9 633.1 756.8 882.1 984.5 1,069.4 1,108.6 SGA cost 133.0 179.5 242.3 312.5 390.7 476.7 576.8 680.6 769.1 846.0 888.3 RD cost 18.4 25.4 34.3 42.2 52.7 64.8 78.4 87.1 98.4 108.3 113.7 EBIT 29.4 38.2 51.5 67.0 77.5 91.5 101.5 114.3 116.9 115.1 106.6 Net working capital 23.4 31.4 42.4 55.1 73.0 89.7 115.4 136.1 153.8 169.2 177.7 Net PPE 15.7 18.8 25.1 32.2 39.7 48.3 57.7 67.2 75.0 80.6 82.2 Speaker note for Slide 6 The anticipated income development of is essentially declining from 2008 to 2018 showing a moderate development possibilities of the organization. Despite the fact that the net working capital, is relied upon to increment on a yearly premise the income development is diminishing because of comparative markets offering rivalry to Rosetta Stone. Slide 7 Analysis of the income figure Declining pattern of the income of the organization Income development rate is relied upon to develop by just 5% in the year 2018 (Larson Yozzo, 2014). Speaker note for Slide 7 Examination of the income estimate The income figure investigation plainly shows the declining pattern of the income of the organization. This is apparent in light of the fact that in the year 2008 the guage income development was 52%, while in the year 2018 the income development rate was required to develop by 5%. In spite of the fact that the net working capital, is required to increment on a yearly premise the income development is diminishing because of comparative markets offering rivalry to Rosetta Stone. Slide 8 Advantages of opening up to the world The benefit of the organization was found through giving of 6.25 million offers to the open this speaks to 30% of the companys all out stake In light of the money related figures from the most recent five years it very well may be additionally expressed that the organization will have the option to expand the income by 725% and 625% expansion in the overall gain. Speaker note for Slide 8 Focal points The upside of the organization was found through giving of 6.25 million offers to the open this speaks to 30% of the companys absolute stake. This shows the organization previously gave half of the offer procedure and the following portion of the offer value issue was expected. In light of the money related figures from the most recent five years it tends to be additionally expressed that the organization will have the option to expand the income by 725% and 625% expansion in the overall gain. Slide 9 Disadvantages of opening up to the world There are a few issues identified with the exchange of proprietor of the organization The open organization may turn out to be completely possessed by the Government and friends rights might be totally lost in an IPO offering. The credit furthest reaches of an IPO organization will additionally increment and the organization will be qualified for more obligation. . In the event that, the organization can't extend the necessary measure of income, the Government may choose to break up offers to privately owned businesses (Laje et al. 2013). . Speaker note for Slide 9 There are a few issues identified with the exchange of proprietor of the organization. The open organization may turn out to be completely possessed by the Government and friends rights might be totally lost in an IPO offering. The credit furthest reaches of an IPO organization will additionally increment and the organization will be qualified for more obligation. On the off chance that, the organization can't extend the necessary measure of income, the Government may choose to break up offers to privately owned businesses. Slide 10 Discount rate proper for the income gauge Weighted normal of the beta is 0.92 The level of the markdown rate suitable for the income figure is 9.03% (Mousavi et al. 2013) Beta 9.03% 0.69 0.79 0.89 0.99 1.09 5.5% 7.1% 7.6% 8.2% 8.7% 9.3% 6.0% 7.4% 8.0% 8.6% 9.2% 9.8% 6.5% 7.7% 8.4% 9.0% 9.7% 10.3% 7.0% 8.1% 8.8% 9.5% 10.2% 10.9% 7.5% 8.4% 9.2% 9.9% 10.7% 11.4% Speaker note The weighted normal beta is fundamentally determined from beta of the contenders organizations. What's more, after the compelling valuation, 9.03% is accepted a the general markdown rate, which could be utilized in income estimate to decide the Present estimation of the determined income. Favorable circumstances of numerous market approach Helpful for the valuation of the comparable resources having comparable costs Aides in deciding the future development of the organization and helps the financial specialists Helpful in assessing the free income after a specific budgetary period (Matthews, 2014). Speaker note for Slide 11 The market products approach is helpful for the valuation of the comparative resources having comparative costs. It is helpful to decide the current situation of Rosetta stone as far as comparative different organizations. It likewise helps in deciding the future development of the organization and helps the financial specialists in settling on a sufficient choice for putting resources into the organization. It is additionally valuable in assessing the free income after a specific money related period. The net outcomes unmistakably shows that the anticipated offer estimation of the IPO is higher than the remarkable measure of the premoney shares. Disservices of numerous market approach Non-thought of financial emergency Exclusion of the corporate assessment rate Essentially means high or low estimations of the organization (Roosenboom 2012) Speaker note for Slide 12 The essential downside of this model is non-thought of financial emergency in which the liquidity of the situation of a can't be surveyed by utilizing this model. It likewise manages anticipating either the h

The Theory Of Functionalism

The Theory Of Functionalism The hypothesis of functionalism is the most established, and may likewise be the most prevailing hypothetical point of view of humanism. Functionalism concurs that cerebrum states are liable for mental states, yet differs that they will in general be indistinguishable from one another. It is the contention from a functionalist point of view, that, the cerebrum action or neurological states are what acknowledges mental states, which thusly lead to the social yield in a physical manner. It has a wide assortment of positions which it is fit for articulating in various different structures. They can be grouped into the accompanying; Scientific functionalism: The most broadly utilized type of functionalism, which portrays the causal job as a set of working responsibilities of mental states, which are gotten from our ideas. Diagnostic functionalists guarantee, that, the particulars for a practical job (sets of expectations) for mental states are from the earlier. The subsequent variant is Physchofunctionalism; which dismisses the possibility of behaviorism in brain research, just as reject the physical part of the psyche. The third would be Machine-state functionalism: This similarity was advanced by Hilary Putnam, a notable American thinker, who was motivated by the analogies of brain (the Turing machines) which can register every single given calculation. In non-specialized terms, the psyche is a perplexing PC program. It is a state where given an information B, and such and such will in general occur. A model is the point at which we input a lot of numbers into the PC through a console/programming. It suggests that mind states are exercises which are low level, while assisting with acknowledging mental states which are significant level. To enable the peruser to comprehend about the thought which was portrayed above, I will utilize the more typical functionalist guide to examine the connection between the product and the PC. For instance, we type the numbers 5 in addition to 8, on the one level (low level), the PC is subject to the product for input. The product inside the PC is figuring the response to the numbers entered, while at the other level (significant level), the data is yield on the screen. In this occurrence, the functionalists would contend that the procedure of figuring would be discharged by the equipment (screen). Along these lines, the product which is utilized by the equipment, goes about as the capacity job. This PC model can be utilized to convert into the conditions of the cerebrum. The psychological states are reliant on the mind states similarly, as the PCs programming is subject to the computerãÆ'⠯ã‚⠿ã‚â ½s equipment for the yield of the data (screen) and the other way around. In the functionalists see, the cerebrum states help to understand the psychological states which works as a complete useful framework. With this, it is implied that the brain is comprised of the complete conceivable practical mental states that it can have. These will cooperate with the sources of info (programming), and the equipment (screen) together, before the two of them produce the yields. Functionalists state that in the event that we consider mental states along these lines, at that point perhaps one day the machine may do the reasoning or be falsely shrewd. Along these lines, we could contrast our procedure of speculation with a PC programming, which thusly could run on a few unique machines. The idea for a machine is the idea of a man-made consciousness. This knowledge can be named feeble AI or solid AI. This kind of knowledge would make it conceivable that one day a PC could be concocted with its very own psyche. At the end of the day, it would think, envision, and reason. It could in the long run do all the things we partner with the human mind. In a feeble AI model, it is contended that the knowledge of a PC seems to think all alone, however it is really oblivious a similar way human minds are. In the powerless AI, much the same as in the human cerebrum, an info must happen so as to create a yield. When contrasting functionalism and dualism for instance, it has evident qualities. Functionalism attempts to clarify conduct, instead of simply watching it. It utilizes the physical world to clarify the psychological states, consolidating physical contributions with the yields, as opposed to isolating the physical world from the brain. In Dualism for instance, mental and physical states are both discrete, when all is said in done terms, the two can't be absorbed to frame one unit (Levin, 2009). One of the most celebrated logicians in the seventeenth century, Descartes, who viewed himself as a Dualist, additionally contended against the idea of mechanical and brain properties to be the equivalent (Cottingham, p. 221, 2012). His idea persuaded that the brain and the body could for sure exist without each other. On the other hand, how could the psyche work without the physical? This would not be conceivable. For instance, in the event that we accept torment for instance. Torment simply doesn't occur in our mind. Agony can be related to something material (physical) which sends a neurological message to our mind that something harms (mental). As should be obvious, the physical and mental angles associate, instead of act independently. Another quality of functionalism, is that an utilitarian framework can be feasible in numerous manners. For instance, on the off chance that we allude back to the PC relationship, a similar program ought to be usable on various PCs. Possibly, PCs could have minds like our own, as long as they can play out the a few capacities as us. Then again, a few logicians think functionalist records of mental states will in general be excessively liberal. For a few, it is an error for a PC and its product to have indistinguishable mental states from a human. A portion of these savants have contended that a PC and programming would be not able to show real feelings. It would likewise be unequipped for cognizance without somebody contributing data for example composing the numbers 5 in addition to 8 into the product. Functionalism appears to discard the qualia of feeling or any cognizance simultaneously. This could be partially that is incorporates non-living things, as conceivable mental states. A few pundits of functionalism do contend that psychological conditions of living things (people) or frameworks (PCs) should incorporate a record of qualia (feelings and awareness). Another issue with functionalism would be that PCs are non-living, it doesnt not utilize its own approaching data for their conduct as do people and other living things (non-human creatures). Concerning non-living things, they are not frameworks or living things which depend on endurance; and they don't have personal circumstances of their own. These are a portion of the contemplations which dissenters contend for, and call for functionalism to refine its hypothesis. The base is attempt to recognize the living things from the non-living. Would the issue with functionalism be replied if we somehow happened to envision the psyche as though it were bound together? Maybe one could take a gander at individual mental states and envision that some of them could depict certain perspectives? for example memory and taking care of issues, however no sort of feeling or cognizance. On the off chance that the PC for instance would depict any of the previously mentioned, for example, memory or taking care of issues without anyone else, one would not talk about the PC with having a psyche or not. One would talk about the PC as having had the option to take care of an issue and utilizing its ability for memory to store the information and so forth. Would one inquire as to whether it has a psyche, albeit, one would prefer to enquire about its ability for memory, its trickiness and so on. The qualities and shortcomings have been expressed for functionalism. It is an odd hypothesis that non-living things could offer ascent to various mental occasions. With the end goal for us to comprehend on how our psyche functions, we have to comprehend these procedures. Just one sort of cerebrum state is required by functionalism, so as to connect with occasions in our mind. It likewise appears, that, functionalism is subject to things which are physical as opposed to including mental occasions from the start. It absolutely forgets about feelings and thinking. The reason for functionalism is by all accounts input yield as it were. Lets state, somebody steps on a pin and they yell. The functionalists see appears to show that fake creatures and frameworks could deliver their own awareness and contemplations. Regardless of whether mechanical headways of incredible extent can be made, a machine couldn't imitate the emotions and musings of a human. These models would incorporate pressure, tension, apprehension and so forth.. It is odd to believe that a machine could be creating a character that feels apprehensive or has an ethical commitment to things. It maybe perhaps the case that functionalists are diving extremely somewhere down so as to discover and legitimize their hypothesis on mental states and mental occasions.

Gun Control Mechanisms and its Effects in a Country - 1650 Words

Gun Control Mechanisms and its Effects in a Country (Essay Sample) Content: Gun Control Mechanisms and its Effects in a Country Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Name Institutional affiliation Undoubtedly, suicide, homicide, and mass shootings have risen to its toll in the 21st century. For example, the recent shootings witnessed in the United States of America have claimed the lives of many innocent individuals. Precisely, the shootings at Maryland and Illinois states on 28 July 2016 resulted in the death of two people and six others injured. The incidents raise concern primarily on the ownership of guns and gun control laws, Kentucky (2010). Analytically, this research article involves gun control, revealing the negative effects of gun ownership on the society, establishing the strategies to be developed to facilitate gun control, finding the factors that inhibit gun control and advantages that accrue to a nation with good gun control policies. In addition the article also addresses the categories of people to be allowed to own guns which are a fundamental factor in gun control. Gun control refers to laws and policies aimed to restrict the manufacture, sale, purchase, transfer, ownership, modification or the use of guns by civilians through licensing and registration requirements. In this perspective, the laws are to regulate the type of people who should own gun in a certain area and to prevent the use of guns in committing criminal activities, violence, suicides, accidental shootings, terrorism and political violence. Notably, the policies vary from state to state with other countries such as the United Kingdom having comparatively very strict control. For instance, some laws regulate the access to some types of firearms and restrict the kind of people who will be given gun license. Despite the regulations and laws, some individuals still unlawfully acquire guns for unlawful actions which affect the society, Miller and Hemenway (2008). Negative effects of owning a gun Firstly, owning a gun leads to increased gun-shoot related deaths. As a matter of fact, it is evident that people who own guns commit suicide regardless of age, gender, race or educational background.in essence, it has been established that women with guns commit suicide three times more often than women without personal guns. Additionally, personal guns have been found to be the most used weapons for murder in the case of domestic violence. In correspondence, the marital fights ending in homicides have risen to toll in the modern society and most of the deaths are linked to possessing a gun in the house, Kellermann (2008). Secondly, owning a gun breeds irresponsible and dangerous gun behavior. Naturally, accidents are evident when guns get into the wrong hands of children who are not well conversant with the use nor the management of the guns. On the other hand, a gun can be deadly at the hands of an older person under the influence alcohol or drugs. Similarly, it has been observed that even the responsible older people cause harm with guns when intoxicated. Per a research done by Matthew Miller (Ph.D.), Deborah Azrael (Ph.D.) and David Hemenway (Ph.D.), about 50 adults and 14 children die daily from an accidental gun fire, Miller and Hemenway (2008. Thirdly, increased crime rate and high risk of violence have been observed in people owning a gun.in most cases, people who carry guns for self-defense are 4.5 times more likely to be injured than those without a gun in the same condition of attack. Shockingly, it has been established that guns make people with high tempers and stress vulnerable to committing suicide in case of a violence. Moreover, owning a gun leads to more incidences of armed robbery and rape.as a result, the thieves threatens the victims with guns are leaving them with no option of escape but to surrender to robbery. Also, much expense is incurred by the government in police work, legal procedures, court proceedings, and incarcerations when the guns are in the hands of the civilians. Consequently, a, a country faces low productivity, emotional dysfunction and disability payments since most of the tax-payers many are spent in controlling guns. The money being channeled to the control of guns could have been used in the development of the country. Furthermore, the possession of guns leads to increased cases of assassinations. Evidently, the death of most prominent people occurred due to the cases of assassinations. Indeed, the prominent people in subjects include presidents and successful business persons. In the recent past, many cases of assassination attempts of the various presidents have been reported in police on criminal investigation departments. Ways of regulating gun use. To begin with, gun safety is paramount in the protection the citizens. Ideally, compulsory training and licensing should be provided to those citizens who are planning to own guns. Most importantly, clients should also be being trained on safe and secure gun storage system and should frequently be done. Moreover; the licensed individuals should regularly renew their license and training as stipulated by the government. Secondly, the people who have been licensed to own guns should be provided with mental health and trauma reduction services. In such a way, this will ensure that those owning guns always maintain sober-mind and of stable health condition. In effect, accidental guns fires attributed to stress and mental illness are minimized. Moreover, the legislation arm of the government should come up strict rules aimed at regulating the use of guns. In essence; the laws will ensure that guns are only used in the battle field and not in schools, worship places, streets nor movie theaters. The government should also come up with laws which stipulate the age and condition of the persons who should own guns. More probably, the laws should incorporate strict punishment and fine measures to those who evade the regulations set for owning a gun. In addition to that, communities should be educated on the prevention of shootings. Naturally, this will enlighten the society on prevention, intervention and the need for peace among individuals. In the long run, shooting, killings, and violence will be reduced. Furthermore, the gun manufacturers, sales persons, and transport firms should be regulated by the state laws to prevent improper handling of guns. The manufacturing companies should be licensed and regularly monitored to avoid illegal manufacture of guns. The suppliers and the sales firms should also be restricted regarding the categories of people who are supposed to own guns, Bailey et al (1997). Factors that inhibit gun control Firstly, most of the citizens do not trust their government. In fact; it is evident that most people live thinking that the present government will repeat the mistakes that the previous governments did. The bill of rights and constitution forces other people to lose loyalty to the government. Mostly, the politicians tend to protect the regions each one lead instead of the general population of the country. Secondly, the media are involved in giving are a portrayal of the gun owning debate. Precisely, the media makes the citizens that there is war everywhere, and they are about to be attacked .as a result, the people will acquire guns for self-protection. The fear being inflicted to the communities by media will eventually trigger the war between communities. Furthermore, people assume that owning a gun is a symbol of freedom. In this perspective; people are deceived to think that they can be governed, taxed and regulated on their free will. Particularly; this mentality will make the citizens not to take into consideration what neighboring countries will think about them. Lastly, the poor leadership encourages the use of guns. Arguably, so long as the leaders are in power and making the life out the controversial gun debate, t...

The Industrial Revolution in America - 638 Words

America has been expanding and growing since its birth out of Great Britain. The Industrial Revolution has been an influence in the American life since it first in the 1700s. â€Å"Most families did not have enough to sell at the market- they had just enough for their own needs.† Up until the factories started booming and employment rates skyrocketed, people really couldn’t become wealthy and live a decent life. As the ways of farming grew the English at the time began to use up more and more land efficiently. â€Å"Unusable swamplands could be drained and used for crops.† That’s absolutely amazing that in this era they could turn swamps into areas to raise more crops so they can naturally make more money at the markets and become a bit wealthier. Farming is one of the most important lively hoods of mankind; no matter what argument anyone tries to make. If we didn’t have farming and agricultural production we wouldn’t have all the different s orts of food products we do, nor would they be as abundant. Life would be like it was before the Industrial Revolution came about and most of us would still be growing our own food and barely scraping by in life. With all this agricultural expansion of the time population in England start expanding drastically as well. Thanks to population growth people started to worry more about new inventions and producing stuff for us to make our day to day lives easier than we could have ever before. With all the technological advancements leading up toShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On America1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe American identity is built upon courage which ultimately leads to our success as a society because success can be achieved by anybody in America, this is shown leading up to the first half of the 20th century. 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Pandemic Influenza National Preparedness Plan

Question: Literature review on pandemic influenza national preparedness plans ( history, how closely they follow WHO guidance documents, usefulness, policy planning for influenza). Answer: Introduction Influenza viruses achieve pandemic proportion once they spread rapidly leading to worldwide pandemics. Increase in awareness of threat caused by pandemic influenza on public health over the last few years has led to growing focus on pandemic influenza preparedness planning (PIPP) (Holloway et al., 2014). Such plans were made earlier but failed as it paid less attention to the requirements of the disadvantaged (World Health Organization, 2015). It is difficult to completely eradicate the influenza virus as it has many subtypes and all of them exist in aquatic birds. Moreover, it is difficult to predict the occurrence of next pandemic and severity of a disease. Flood or any other disaster-related planning taking place at the local scale may not be very robust in its response towards pandemic influenza that can impact the public health infrastructure. Every country must be able to strike a balance between preparedness and risk which is a challenge in planning for pandemic influenza. Pla nners and policy-making bodies should be capable to wisely allocate resources by making a realistic estimate of the pandemic outcomes. It will ensure that the heath care needs on the daily basis are not shortchanged. In this literature review, the author aims to analyze the previous findings of these plans along with WHO guidance documents. The review will identify how closely the countries follow these guidelines and what are its benefits and usefulness. In this paper, there will be an emphasis on policy planning for influenza. Further, it will highlight the theoretical models behind pandemic influenza planning. It will also address the questions that if pandemic plans address modeling needs of researchers to make projections and forecasts. History In 2003, the re-emergence of cases related to avian H5N1 triggered global efforts to support countries for increasing their capacity to detect novel influenza viruses (Iskander et al., 2013). In 2004, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced to help countries in enhancing their surveillance capacity (Fineberg, 2014). CDC through its bilateral cooperative agreements, with 12 countries has identified cases of H5N1 (Moen et al., 2014). According to Shimabukuro Redd, (2014) the aim of this agreement was to enhance epidemiology, surveillance, and laboratory infrastructure required for influenza detection. These provide the countries with training, funding and technical assistance to identify the gaps in surveillance and infrastructure and address them accordingly (Jonas Warford, 2014). The states having established national influenza center (NIC) are only eligible to enter the CDC agreement provided they agree to share essential data and samples with the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) (Mei et al., 2013). According to World Health Organization, (2013) the reports of International Health Regulations, 2013 the preparedness plan of the world is not accurate enough to mitigate health events of public. Therefore, multisectoral collaboration is required to overcome the threat. In 2013, WHO issued Pandemic Influenza Risk Management' a guidance document to update and replace about response related to pandemic influenza preparedness. Role of WHO It aims to develop plans related to threats to public health. The concept it holds is that there should be a risk-based approach to managing public health emergencies. WHO supports and helps to meet IHR obligations by maintaining the strength of core capacities. It also governs policies by providing the ethical framework. It strengthens the GISRS and improves the laboratories for surveillance and diagnostics It promotes the production capacity globally for pandemic vaccines with the help of Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines (Cox et al., 2014) According to Sun et al., (2014) the WHO recommendations, the PIPP will be maintained in line with Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Interim Guidance and be revised by the member states. It also includes National Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Deployment Plan to be integrated with national PIPP. It recommends a perfect collaboration and coordination between stakeholders and other government sectors whose specific responsibilities are defined in NIPP. The plan also needs to include emerging hazards due to infectious diseases (Meeyai et al., 2013). According to Uyeki Cox, (2013) the WHO/ SEARO advocates and supports the countries to improve their emergency operation centers. WHO disseminates messages related to public health through media, press conference, and its websites. It is also responsible for providing financial and technical resources for implementing the new WHO interim guidance. Technical support of WHO includes: To improve the surveillance and data collection related to clinical, epidemiological and virological data. It helps to assess the "human-to-human transmission and the epidemiological situation." influenza-like illness risk assessment Interventions to reduce the disease spread (Stein et al., 2012) WHO provides its member states updated guidance related to laboratory biosafety, infection prevention, and control, clinical management in health-care facilities, use of antiviral and home-based care, use of seasonal and pandemic vaccines (Bandayrel et al., 2013). Overall WHO facilitates the development of a system for impact assessment and its tool consists of guidelines, training and dedicated team for this purpose. According to Reidy et al., (2015) all the member states (Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Maldives, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Timor-Leste) were ready with their NIPP during the 2009 pandemic hit. It was found that the plan was helpful in fighting the infectious diseases. Figure: Risk assessment and recovery (Source: Jonas Warford, 2014) Countries response to these guidance documents, beneficial and usefulness Wangchuk et al., (2013) investigated that Thailand had sophisticated response system and developed its "self-learning business continuity plan online". Bangladesh laid its focus on reliable surveillance systems including information sharing system. It acts as the platform for monitoring the severity of influenza. According to Influenza, (2012) Sri Lanka showed the usefulness of web-based influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection surveillance systems. All the member states showed the high level of "political commitment" and described the response structures for pandemic preparedness (World Health Organization, 2015). According to Chowell Viboud, (2013) all these countries have committees for facing national level emergencies such as Prime Minister's Committees (Williams et al., 2014). Johnson et al., (2015) studied that Timor-Leste has "National Commission for Epidemic Control" which is powerful command structure supplemented with military support, working groups and civil societies. According to Bhatia, (2013) all the member states have Ministry of Health help in organizing response at a national level. Jonas Warford, (2014) described that Indonesia highlights the significance of "coordination spreading to sub-national levels" by the presence of "influenza outbreak command post at provincial, district and central levels. Some countries such as Nepal, Bhutan have integrated the disaster management plan in the NIPP. (Azziz-Baumgartner et al., 2012) Criticized that most of the member states have implemented the vaccine deployment plan only in 2009 pandemic situation. Some of these countries like Nepal still suffer from an absence of skilled staff, decreased capacity for isolation spaces, inability to sustain the plateau level of response from the teams. They thus are unable to completely follow the WHO guidance documents (Chowdhury et al., 2016). Polansky et al., (2016) analyzed that some of the countries shifted from their priorities as a result of fatigue that followed after 2009 pandemic. Dewar Robinson (2014) investigated that in almost all the member states the NIPP is reviewed but in Bangladesh and Nepal, the NIPP is revised but has not received approval from the higher levels. Bastien et al., (2012) identified that some of these countries are experiencing the problem with "Risk communication" which was not entirely integrated into preparedness plan. There is a dilemma that to what extent media should be involved in information sharing as there are no guidelines related to it provided by NIPP. The other challenges faced by these countries as identified by (Charania et al., 2014) are: lack of zeal, interest, competence, cooperation between government sectors, decreased capacity for assessment of severity. Uyeki Cox, (2013) investigated that all the member states shared influenza viruses with GISRS and contributed towards sharing benefits by working with important private and public institutions and also continue its support of GISRS. Reidy et al., (2015) explored the benefit of WHO guidance document and stated that it is useful in sharing the PIP biological materials such as influenza vaccine, pharmaceutical manufacturers and diagnostic, research and academic institutions which are outside of GISRS. The other benefits are partnership contribution (Manufacturers using WHO GISRS, diagnostics and influenza vaccine contribute to WHO on the annual basis) which in turn helps in overall improvement of "global pandemic influenza preparedness" and response. The other factors of usefulness are Building surveillance capacity Establishment of antiviral vaccination Stockpiling of interpandemic vaccine Improvement of laboratory equipment (Jonas Warford, 2014) Policy planning for influenza In response to the spread of diseases like influenza, some significant health advances have taken place globally. WHO has issued a new policy named "Pandemic Influenza Risk Management" which guides on preparedness, understanding the dynamic of the disease and risk management of influenza (World Health Organization, 2015). WHO has taken initiative for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan in Kathmandu, Nepal. The purpose of the program was to make the nation prepared for diseases management according to the guidance of WHO (Sanford et al., 2016). The primary objective of this program was to review to the current trend of the influenza pandemic in South-East Asia region and recommend new WHO guidance plan for the development of national preparedness plan in pandemic influenza (World Health Organization, 2015). The WHO member states (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Timor-Leste) updated their experience on preparedness (Hirve et al., 2016) . The session addressed different approaches developed by each country to check increased rate of influenza (Forster, 2014). There was risk-based planning to encourage member states to develop right plans by global risk assessment study done by WHO. WHO extended its technical cooperation in Bhutan for the period of 2014-2018. This is the fourth WHO Country Cooperation Strategy developed with the collaboration of Ministry of Health, national agencies, important stakeholders and health partners like United Nations for contributing to the health sector in Bhutan. This partnership is crucial for the improvement in the health of Bhutan citizens. Their target is to sustain Millenium Development Goals and increasing ways of prevention, monitoring and treatment of pandemic diseases like influenza (Dhingra et al., 2014). The unified goal is to reduce morbidity, mortality and achieving access to affordable health care service. For attaining the target of Millenium Development Goal, they have developed plans for strengthening prevention approaches. WHO has provided important funding to Bhutan to give technical suppor t for management of pandemic influenza. WHO has provided assistance to the Ministry of Health for mobilizing additional resources for global health initiatives. The set priorities will help in the development of health risk management plan in the next five years. This unified support will harmonize support towards achieving national health goal for Bhutan (Crichton, 2015). Other member states are also involved in the initiatives for managing the spread of influenza worldwide. Each member country described the challenges and best practices needed in their country to administer the pandemic influenza (Mei et al., 2013). Bangladesh stressed the need for reliable surveillance system monitor the severity of influenza disease through analyzing laboratory capacity and special surveillance in hospitals (World Health Organization, 2015). The health ministry of Sri Lanka suggested implementation of web-based influenza illness system. Many member countries suggested a need for identification of hazards, cross-border preparation plan and vaccine deployment plan for the disease. WHO helped in preparing response structure for pandemic preparedness. It provided support from political powers for fighting the pandemic (World Health Organization, 2015). In all the member states, Ministry Of Heath was involved in supporting national emergency committee, and they have pla yed a role in raising nation level awareness through coordination of different sectors (Van Kerkhove et al., 2012). Theoretical models in pandemic plans According to Lssig and Ã…Â uksza, a fitness model is derived for haemagglutinin that predicts the viral population evolution from one year to another. In this model, two factors, deleterious mutations outside the epitopes and adaptive epitope changes are used to identify the strains fitness (Handel et al., 2013). Fitness components of the strains are concluded in the given circulating year through using the data of population-genetic of all past strains (Bull Lauring, 2014). In the following year, the frequency of descendent strains is predicted from frequency and fitness of each strain. The researcher can map the adaptive history of influenza spread by using this fitness model (Sugita et al., 2013). This model also helps in selecting principle methods for vaccine selection (Ã…Â uksza Lssig, 2014). In a structured population, Sander had utilized a discrete-time, stochastic simulation model of influenza spread to compare different intervention strategies through their effectiveness. One publication is made to compare the predictions of the model with other research models. According to this model, a population was selected, which contains people communicating in known contact groups (Sander et al., 2009). As per the researcher, this model helps in stimulating the stochastic spread of influenza. It was assumed that each in the population meets people from neighborhood or households or people from larger community or neighborhood (Pybus et al., 2013). In this present population, it was observed that adults are in contact with workgroups and households, school-age children attend high, middle and elementary school, and preschool children attend larger day-care centers or small playgroups (Kolmanovskii Myshkis, 2013). An infected individual after receiving treatment in this populat ion modifies the other healthy outcomes, like hospitalization, pneumonia, bronchitis due to the spread of influenza. This model will help the researchers to stratify the population in an account of risk and age status. The age groups consist of older adults (65 years), younger adults (1964 years old), children (518 years), and children (04 years) (Malosh et al., 2014). Younger adults are further stratified into low and high risk. While, High-risk adults have underlying chronic conditions, like, metabolic disease, respiratory or cardiovascular, that increases the risk of mortality, hospitalizations, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc. The occurrence of Influenza pandemics has found in the history, and it is associated with excess substantial morbidity and mortality. Wu and Cowling used the mathematical model of this infectious disease to permit the quantitative analysis of epidemic processes to depend on the underlying biological mechanisms (Wu Cowling, 2011). In the past years, this model was used to know pandemic planning by allowing detailed assumptions of spreading rate of influenza and effectiveness of those alternative control strategies. During influenza pandemic of 2009, mathematical models were utilized to track the spreading rate of the virus, predict the time duration of the pandemic and analysis of the influence of large-scale vaccination (Wu Cowling, 2011). This model has contributed substantially to pandemic influenza preparedness. To control this pandemic, this model is used as a real time tool. Recently, the use of this model is limited due to lack of necessary surveillance information such as se rological data (Ernsting et al., 2013). This mathematical model provides a beneficial layout to interpret and analyze surveillance data of influenza pandemic. Conclusion The literature review has given a clear concept about the NIPP and the models in a planning process. There is a need of addressing issues faced by some of the member states like providing adequate funds for purchasing the large amount of PPE. As there is still a persistent threat of pandemic influenza, all the member states should have properly planned response system and hence increase their efforts for improvement and better preparedness. References Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Alamgir, A. S. M., Rahman, M., Homaira, N., Sohel, B. M., Sharker, M. A., ... Fry, A. M. (2012). Incidence of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection during three influenza seasons in Bangladesh, 2008-2010.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,90(1), 12-19. Bandayrel, K., Lapinsky, S., Christian, M. (2013). Information technology systems for critical care triage and medical response during an influenza pandemic: a review of current systems.Disaster medicine and public health preparedness,7(03), 287-291. Bastien, N., Booth, T., Charest, H., Chernesky, M., Couillard, M., Drews, S., ... Fonseca, K. (2012). Impact of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) on Laboratory Services. Bhatia, P. (2013). The H1N1 influenza pandemic: need for solutions to ethical problems.Indian journal of medical ethics,10(4), 259-263. Bull, J. J., Lauring, A. S. (2014). Theory and empiricism in virulence evolution.PLoS Pathog,10(10), e1004387. Charania, N. A., Martin, I. D., Liberda, E. N., Meldrum, R., Tsuji, L. J. (2014). Bird harvesting practices and knowledge, risk perceptions, and attitudes regarding avian influenza among Canadian First Nations subsistence hunters: implications for influenza pandemic plans.BMC public health,14(1), 1. Chowdhury, M. Z. U., Alamgir, A. S. M., Munshi, S. (2016). The impending threat of an Influenza pandemic.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology,1(1), 1-3. Chowell, G., Viboud, C. (2013). Lessons learned from case fatality risk estimates of 2009 pandemic influenza.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.),24(6), 842. Cox, N. J., Trock, S. C., Burke, S. A. (2014). Pandemic preparedness and the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT). InInfluenza Pathogenesis and Control-Volume I(pp. 119-136). Springer International Publishing. Crichton, K. (2015). A postcard from BhutanAHA spreads the biosecurity message.Australian veterinary journal,93(6), N10-N10. Dewar, B., Barr, I., Robinson, P. (2014). Hospital capacity and management preparedness for pandemic influenza in Victoria.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,38(2), 184-190. Dhingra, M. S., Dissanayake, R., Negi, A. B., Oberoi, M., Castellan, D., Thrusfield, M., ... Gilbert, M. (2014). Spatio-temporal epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (subtype H5N1) in poultry in eastern India.Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology,11, 45-57. Ernsting, A., Gellert, P., Schneider, M., Lippke, S. (2013). A mediator model to predict workplace influenza vaccination behaviouran application of the health action process approach.Psychology health,28(5), 579-592. Fineberg, H. V. (2014). Pandemic preparedness and responselessons from the H1N1 influenza of 2009.New England Journal of Medicine,370(14), 1335-1342. Forster, P. (2014). Ten years on: Generating innovative responses to avian influenza.EcoHealth,11(1), 15-21. Handel, A., Brown, J., Stallknecht, D., Rohani, P. (2013). A multi-scale analysis of influenza A virus fitness trade-offs due to temperature-dependent virus persistence.PLoS Comput Biol,9(3), e1002989. Hirve, S., Newman, L. P., Paget, J., Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Fitzner, J., Bhat, N., ... Zhang, W. (2016). Influenza Seasonality in the Tropics and SubtropicsWhen to Vaccinate?.PloS one,11(4), e0153003. Holloway, R., Rasmussen, S. A., Zaza, S., Cox, N. J., Jernigan, D. B. (2014). Updated preparedness and response framework for influenza pandemics.MMWR Recomm Rep,63, 1-18. Influenza, W. P. (2012). Report of the WHO pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine deployment initiative. Iskander, J., Strikas, R. A., Gensheimer, K. F., Cox, N. J., Redd, S. C. (2013). Pandemic influenza planning, United States, 19782008.Emerg Infect Dis,19(6), 879-85. Johnson, L. E., Muir-Paulik, S. A., Kennedy, P., Lindstrom, S., Balish, A., Aden, T., Moen, A. C. (2015). Capacity building in national influenza laboratoriesuse of laboratory assessments to drive progress.BMC infectious diseases,15(1), 1. Jonas, O., Warford, L. (2014). Global Program for Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response: Project Accomplishments. Kolmanovskii, V., Myshkis, A. (2013).Introduction to the theory and applications of functional differential equations(Vol. 463). Springer Science Business Media. Ã…Â uksza, M., Lssig, M. (2014). A predictive fitness model for influenza.Nature,507(7490), 57-61. Malosh, R., Ohmit, S. E., Petrie, J. G., Thompson, M. G., Aiello, A. E., Monto, A. S. (2014). Factors associated with influenza vaccine receipt in community dwelling adults and their children.Vaccine,32(16), 1841-1847. Meeyai, A., Cooper, B. S., Coker, R. (2013). Analysis of 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 outcomes in 19 European countries: association with completeness of national strategic plans.BMJ open,3(3), e002253. Mei, L., Song, P., Tang, Q., Shan, K., Gai Tobe, R., Selotlegeng, L., ... Xu, L. (2013). Changes in and shortcomings of control strategies, drug stockpiles, and vaccine development during outbreaks of avian influenza A H5N1, H1N1, and H7N9 among humans.Bioscience trends,7(2), 64-76 Mei, L., Tang, Q., Cui, Y., Gai Tobe, R., Selotlegeng, L., Hammad Ali, A., Xu, L. (2013). Changes in and shortcomings of drug stockpiling, vaccine development and related policies during outbreaks of avian influenza A H5N1, H1N1, and H7N9 among humans.Drug discoveries therapeutics,7(3), 95-100. Moen, A., Kennedy, P. J., Cheng, P. Y., MacDonald, G. (2014). National Inventory of Core Capabilities for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response: Results from 36 countries with reviews in 2008 and 2010.Influenza and other respiratory viruses,8(2), 201-208. Polansky, L. S., Outin-Blenman, S., Moen, A. C. (2016). Improved Global Capacity for Influenza Surveillance.Emerging infectious diseases,22(6), 993. Pybus, O. G., Fraser, C., Rambaut, A. (2013). Evolutionary epidemiology: preparing for an age of genomic plenty.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences,368(1614), 20120193. Reidy, M., Ryan, F., Hogan, D., Lacey, S., Buckley, C. (2015). Preparedness of hospitals in the Republic of Ireland for an influenza pandemic, an infection control perspective.BMC public health,15(1), 1. Sander, B., Nizam, A., Garrison, L. P., Postma, M. J., Halloran, M. E., Longini, I. M. (2009). Economic evaluation of influenza pandemic mitigation strategies in the United States using a stochastic microsimulation transmission model.Value in Health,12(2), 226-233. Sanford, S., Polzer, J., McDonough, P. (2016). Preparedness as a technology of (in) security: Pandemic influenza planning and the global biopolitics of emerging infectious disease.Social Theory Health,14(1), 18-43. Shimabukuro, T. T., Redd, S. C. (2014). Incorporating research and evaluation into pandemic influenza vaccination preparedness and response.Emerging infectious diseases,20(4), 713. Stein, M. L., Rudge, J. W., Coker, R., van der Weijden, C., Krumkamp, R., Hanvoravongchai, P., ... Touch, S. (2012). Development of a resource modelling tool to support decision makers in pandemic influenza preparedness: The AsiaFluCap Simulator.BMC public health,12(1), 1. Sugita, Y., Sagara, H., Noda, T., Kawaoka, Y. (2013). Configuration of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes within the influenza A virion.Journal of virology,87(23), 12879-12884. Sun, L., DePuy, G. W., Evans, G. W. (2014). Multi-objective optimization models for patient allocation during a pandemic influenza outbreak.Computers Operations Research,51, 350-359. Uyeki, T. M., Cox, N. J. (2013). Global concerns regarding novel influenza A (H7N9) virus infections.New England Journal of Medicine,368(20), 1862-1864. Van Kerkhove, M. D., Ferguson, N. M. (2012). 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Essay Topics For A Hamlet Research Essay

Essay Topics For A Hamlet Research EssayWhile you are writing a Hamlet research essay, you will need to think of some essay topics. An essay on this famous play is required for students who have just begun their studies or for those who want to add to their existing knowledge. If you wish to teach it to others, you will need to write the essay and give it as a class assignment.Your topic can be based on any subject, not just literature. You should base it on a book, on a particular event in time, on a character or on a place. In fact, there are many themes which have become very popular among young writers.Such essays are great exercises to hone your writing skills. It can also be good practice for you as you may consider them to be your homework when you write your first research essay. So if you want to begin your writing journey from the beginning, you may use your research to start writing.It is also best to start with essay topics that require the writer to delve into the mind o f the writer. Writing a study in a fictional form, even though it is based on facts, will allow the writer to really become a writer. However, don't limit yourself. What is more important is the effort put in and whether the writer has the ability to narrate the plot in a manner that the reader can follow.The main reason behind the interest of students in researching an essay is because they cannot take their eyes off the basic fact at hand. You should not limit yourself to the theme you have chosen to write about.The subject of your essay can be a wonderful topic. The essay can deal with the country Hamlet. This is where the play originated from. You can make the reader realize howShakespeare managed to make the people appreciate the play.It is important to be creative while writing the essay. There is no need to reinvent the wheel, just use your imagination to explore your own creativity. One should try not to follow the rules of a play since this might end up taking the fun out o f the essay.You may consider having some of your friends read your essay before you finish it. This will make you a better writer. As a writer, you should be comfortable with this.